A ____________ is a permanent body of ice, consisting largely of recrystallized snow, that shows evidence of movement caused by the pull of gravity.@
qu.1.1.answer=1@
qu.1.1.choice.1=glacier@
qu.1.1.choice.2=snow field@
qu.1.1.choice.3=permafrost@
qu.1.1.choice.4=crevasse@
qu.1.1.choice.5=cirque@
qu.1.2.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.1.2.name=continental glacier (ice sheet)@
qu.1.2.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.1.2.editing=useHTML@
qu.1.2.question=
A body of flowing ice that spreads over thousands of square kilometers of continental crust is a/an _______________.@
qu.1.2.answer=1@
qu.1.2.choice.1=continental glacier (ice sheet)@
qu.1.2.choice.2=snow field@
qu.1.2.choice.3=ice shelf@
qu.1.2.choice.4=mountain (alpine) glacier@
qu.1.2.choice.5=snow line@
qu.1.3.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.1.3.name=mountain (alpine) glacier@
qu.1.3.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.1.3.editing=useHTML@
qu.1.3.question=
A body of flowing recrystallized ice that lies in or near mountainous regions is a/an _______________.@
qu.1.3.answer=4@
qu.1.3.choice.1=continental glacier (ice sheet)@
qu.1.3.choice.2=snow field@
qu.1.3.choice.3=ice shelf@
qu.1.3.choice.4=mountain (alpine) glacier@
qu.1.3.choice.5=piedmont glacier @
qu.1.4.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.1.4.name=cirque glacier@
qu.1.4.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.1.4.editing=useHTML@
qu.1.4.question=
A body of flowing recrystallized ice that fills a bowl-shaped basin on the flank of a mountain is a/an _______________.@
qu.1.4.answer=2@
qu.1.4.choice.1=ice cap@
qu.1.4.choice.2=cirque glacier@
qu.1.4.choice.3=ice shelf@
qu.1.4.choice.4=piedmont glacier@
qu.1.4.choice.5=ice sheet@
qu.1.5.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.1.5.name=piedmont glacier@
qu.1.5.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.1.5.editing=useHTML@
qu.1.5.question=
A body of flowing recrystallized ice that spreads out into a lobe or fan shape where a valley glacier emerges onto a plain is a/an _______________.@
qu.1.5.answer=4@
qu.1.5.choice.1=ice cap@
qu.1.5.choice.2=cirque glacier@
qu.1.5.choice.3=ice shelf@
qu.1.5.choice.4=piedmont glacier@
qu.1.5.choice.5=ice sheet@
qu.1.6.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.1.6.name=ice shelf@
qu.1.6.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.1.6.editing=useHTML@
qu.1.6.question=
A frozen layer of ice connected to the shore but floating on the sea is a/an _______________.@
qu.1.6.answer=3@
qu.1.6.choice.1=ice cap@
qu.1.6.choice.2=cirque glacier@
qu.1.6.choice.3=ice shelf@
qu.1.6.choice.4=piedmont glacier@
qu.1.6.choice.5=ice sheet@
qu.1.7.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.1.7.name=ice cap@
qu.1.7.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.1.7.editing=useHTML@
qu.1.7.question=
A mound of recrystallized ice that submerges peaks and ridges at the crest of a mountain range is a/an _______________.@
qu.1.7.answer=1@
qu.1.7.choice.1=ice cap@
qu.1.7.choice.2=cirque glacier@
qu.1.7.choice.3=ice shelf@
qu.1.7.choice.4=piedmont glacier@
qu.1.7.choice.5=ice sheet@
qu.1.8.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.1.8.name=polar glacier@
qu.1.8.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.1.8.editing=useHTML@
qu.1.8.question=
A glacier that is so cold its bottom is frozen to its substrate or bed is a/an _______________.@
qu.1.8.answer=1@
qu.1.8.choice.1=polar glacier@
qu.1.8.choice.2=temperate glacier@
qu.1.8.choice.3=ice shelf@
qu.1.8.choice.4=piedmont glacier@
qu.1.8.choice.5=ice cap@
qu.1.9.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.1.9.name=temperate glacier@
qu.1.9.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.1.9.editing=useHTML@
qu.1.9.question=
A glacier with a layer of water or slurry at its base, that moves mostly by basal sliding, is a/an _______________.@
qu.1.9.answer=2@
qu.1.9.choice.1=polar glacier@
qu.1.9.choice.2=temperate glacier@
qu.1.9.choice.3=ice shelf@
qu.1.9.choice.4=piedmont glacier@
qu.1.9.choice.5=ice cap@
qu.1.10.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.1.10.name=crevasse@
qu.1.10.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.1.10.editing=useHTML@
qu.1.10.question=
Large cracks that develop by brittle deformation in the top 60 m of a glacier are _______________.@
qu.1.10.answer=1@
qu.1.10.choice.1=crevasses@
qu.1.10.choice.2=glacial striations@
qu.1.10.choice.3=cirques@
qu.1.10.choice.4=terminus@
qu.1.10.choice.5=firn@
qu.2.topic=Glacier Processes - Definitions (Marshak Ch. 22)@
qu.2.1.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.2.1.name=ablation@
qu.2.1.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.2.1.editing=useHTML@
qu.2.1.question=
The removal of snow and ice from a glacier by sublimation, melting, and calving is called ________________.@
qu.2.1.answer=1@
qu.2.1.choice.1=ablation@
qu.2.1.choice.2=accumulation@
qu.2.1.choice.3=saltation@
qu.2.1.choice.4=abrasion@
qu.2.1.choice.5=solifluction@
qu.2.2.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.2.2.name=basal sliding@
qu.2.2.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.2.2.editing=useHTML@
qu.2.2.question=
___________________ is the process in which the bottom of a glacier slides across its bed on a layer of water or wet slurry.@
qu.2.2.answer=1@
qu.2.2.choice.1=Basal sliding@
qu.2.2.choice.2=Glacial outburst@
qu.2.2.choice.3=Calving@
qu.2.2.choice.4=Solifluction@
qu.2.2.choice.5=Internal flow@
qu.2.3.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.2.3.name=internal flow@
qu.2.3.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.2.3.editing=useHTML@
qu.2.3.question=
___________________ is the process in which a glacier moves by slowly changing its shape without breaking apart or melting.@
qu.2.3.answer=5@
qu.2.3.choice.1=Basal sliding@
qu.2.3.choice.2=Glacial outburst@
qu.2.3.choice.3=Calving@
qu.2.3.choice.4=Solifluction@
qu.2.3.choice.5=Internal flow@
qu.2.4.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.2.4.name=calving@
qu.2.4.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.2.4.editing=useHTML@
qu.2.4.question=
___________________ is the process in which pieces of ice break off the front of a glacier.@
qu.2.4.answer=3@
qu.2.4.choice.1=Basal sliding@
qu.2.4.choice.2=Glacial outburst@
qu.2.4.choice.3=Calving@
qu.2.4.choice.4=Solifluction@
qu.2.4.choice.5=Internal flow@
qu.2.5.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.2.5.name=sublimation@
qu.2.5.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.2.5.editing=useHTML@
qu.2.5.question=
The evaporation of snow and ice directly into water vapor from a glacier is called ________________.@
qu.2.5.answer=5@
qu.2.5.choice.1=ablation@
qu.2.5.choice.2=accumulation@
qu.2.5.choice.3=saltation@
qu.2.5.choice.4=abrasion@
qu.2.5.choice.5=sublimation@
qu.2.6.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.2.6.name=pressure solution@
qu.2.6.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.2.6.editing=useHTML@
qu.2.6.question=
The process of melting at points where grains come into contact with each other is called ________________.@
qu.2.6.answer=2@
qu.2.6.choice.1=ablation@
qu.2.6.choice.2=pressure solution@
qu.2.6.choice.3=saltation@
qu.2.6.choice.4=abrasion@
qu.2.6.choice.5=sublimation@
qu.2.7.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.2.7.name=firn@
qu.2.7.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.2.7.editing=useHTML@
qu.2.7.question=
Snow that has been transformed into packed granular material by recrystallization is called ________________.@
qu.2.7.answer=1@
qu.2.7.choice.1=firn@
qu.2.7.choice.2=terminus@
qu.2.7.choice.3=snow line@
qu.2.7.choice.4=horn@
qu.2.7.choice.5=roche moutonn???e @
qu.2.8.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.2.8.name=terminus@
qu.2.8.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.2.8.editing=useHTML@
qu.2.8.question=
The leading edge of a glacier is called its ________________.@
qu.2.8.answer=2@
qu.2.8.choice.1=firn@
qu.2.8.choice.2=terminus@
qu.2.8.choice.3=snow line@
qu.2.8.choice.4=zone of ablation@
qu.2.8.choice.5=zone of accumulation@
qu.2.9.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.2.9.name=zone of ablation@
qu.2.9.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.2.9.editing=useHTML@
qu.2.9.question=
The part of the glacier where ice is removed from the total is called its ________________.@
qu.2.9.answer=4@
qu.2.9.choice.1=firn@
qu.2.9.choice.2=arete@
qu.2.9.choice.3=snow line@
qu.2.9.choice.4=zone of ablation@
qu.2.9.choice.5=zone of accumulation@
qu.2.10.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.2.10.name=zone of accumulation@
qu.2.10.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.2.10.editing=useHTML@
qu.2.10.question=
The part of the glacier where snow and ice are added to the total is called its ________________.@
qu.2.10.answer=5@
qu.2.10.choice.1=firn@
qu.2.10.choice.2=ar???te@
qu.2.10.choice.3=snow line@
qu.2.10.choice.4=zone of ablation@
qu.2.10.choice.5=zone of accumulation@
qu.2.11.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.2.11.name=snow line@
qu.2.11.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.2.11.editing=useHTML@
qu.2.11.question=
The boundary between the zone where snow and ice are added to a glacier and the zone where snow and ice are subtracted from a glacier is the ________________.@
qu.2.11.answer=3@
qu.2.11.choice.1=firn@
qu.2.11.choice.2=arte@
qu.2.11.choice.3=snow line@
qu.2.11.choice.4=zone of ablation@
qu.2.11.choice.5=zone of accumulation@
qu.3.topic=Depositional Landforms - Definitions (Marshak Ch. 22)@
qu.3.1.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.3.1.name=moraine@
qu.3.1.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.3.1.editing=useHTML@
qu.3.1.question=
A ridge or pile of debris that is being transported, or has been deposited, by a glacier is called a/an _________________.@
qu.3.1.answer=3@
qu.3.1.choice.1=loess@
qu.3.1.choice.2=esker @
qu.3.1.choice.3=moraine@
qu.3.1.choice.4=drop stone@
qu.3.1.choice.5=kettle hole@
qu.3.2.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.3.2.name=esker@
qu.3.2.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.3.2.editing=useHTML@
qu.3.2.question=
After some large glaciers retreat, stream channels that had formerly flowed under the ice may be marked by long sinuous, ridges of alluvium called ______________.@
qu.3.2.answer=4@
qu.3.2.choice.1=outwash plains@
qu.3.2.choice.2=drumlins@
qu.3.2.choice.3=aretes@
qu.3.2.choice.4=eskers@
qu.3.2.choice.5=erratics@
qu.3.3.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.3.3.name=lateral moraine@
qu.3.3.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.3.3.editing=useHTML@
qu.3.3.question=
A/an _____________ is a ridge of sediment along the side of a glacier.@
qu.3.3.answer=1@
qu.3.3.choice.1=lateral moraine@
qu.3.3.choice.2=medial moraine@
qu.3.3.choice.3=terminal moraine@
qu.3.3.choice.4=drumlin@
qu.3.3.choice.5=esker@
qu.3.4.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.3.4.name=medial moraine@
qu.3.4.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.3.4.editing=useHTML@
qu.3.4.question=
When two glaciers converge and trap lateral moraines between them, they form a ridge of material that rides along the middle of the ice stream and is called a(n) ________________.@
qu.3.4.answer=2@
qu.3.4.choice.1=bilateral moraine@
qu.3.4.choice.2=medial moraine@
qu.3.4.choice.3=terminal moraine@
qu.3.4.choice.4=drumlin@
qu.3.4.choice.5=esker@
qu.3.5.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.3.5.name=end moraine@
qu.3.5.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.3.5.editing=useHTML@
qu.3.5.question=
Debris that accumulates at the end of a glacier is called a(n) __________________.@
qu.3.5.answer=3@
qu.3.5.choice.1=lateral moraine@
qu.3.5.choice.2=medial moraine@
qu.3.5.choice.3=end moraine@
qu.3.5.choice.4=drumlin@
qu.3.5.choice.5=esker@
qu.3.6.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.3.6.name=erratics-defined@
qu.3.6.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.3.6.editing=useHTML@
qu.3.6.question=
Large isolated boulders that are different from the underlying bedrock, because they were carried long distances by glacial ice and deposited far from their source, are called ______________.@
qu.3.6.answer=1@
qu.3.6.choice.1=erratics@
qu.3.6.choice.2=drumlins@
qu.3.6.choice.3=eskers@
qu.3.6.choice.4=ar?tes@
qu.3.6.choice.5=ventifacts@
qu.3.7.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.3.7.name=terminal moraine@
qu.3.7.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.3.7.editing=useHTML@
qu.3.7.question=
The end moraine at the farthest limit of glaciation is called the __________________.@
qu.3.7.answer=3@
qu.3.7.choice.1=lateral moraine@
qu.3.7.choice.2=medial moraine@
qu.3.7.choice.3=terminal moraine@
qu.3.7.choice.4=ground moraine@
qu.3.7.choice.5=recessional moraine@
qu.3.8.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.3.8.name=recessional moraine@
qu.3.8.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.3.8.editing=useHTML@
qu.3.8.question=
When a retreating glacier stops its retreat for a while, it piles up sediment to form a/an __________________.@
qu.3.8.answer=3@
qu.3.8.choice.1=lateral moraine@
qu.3.8.choice.2=medial moraine@
qu.3.8.choice.3=recessional moraine@
qu.3.8.choice.4=ground moraine@
qu.3.8.choice.5=end moraine@
qu.3.9.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.3.9.name=knob-and-kettle topography@
qu.3.9.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.3.9.editing=useHTML@
qu.3.9.question=
A land surface characterized by many circular depressions left by melting ice blocks, with round hills of ice-deposited sediment between them, is called __________________.@
qu.3.9.answer=3@
qu.3.9.choice.1=pluvial lake@
qu.3.9.choice.2=periglacial environment@
qu.3.9.choice.3=knob-and-kettle topography@
qu.3.9.choice.4=patterned ground@
qu.3.9.choice.5=drumlin swarm@
qu.3.10.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.3.10.name=drumlin@
qu.3.10.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.3.10.editing=useHTML@
qu.3.10.question=
A streamlined, elongate pile of sediment shaped by the flow of a glacier overriding it is called a/an __________________.@
qu.3.10.answer=2@
qu.3.10.choice.1=pluvial lake@
qu.3.10.choice.2=drumlin@
qu.3.10.choice.3=erratic@
qu.3.10.choice.4=esker@
qu.3.10.choice.5=kettle hole@
qu.3.11.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.3.11.name=kettle hole@
qu.3.11.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.3.11.editing=useHTML@
qu.3.11.question=
A circular depression formed when a block of ice breaks off the toe of a receding glacier, becomes buried in sediment, and then melts, is called a/an __________________.@
qu.3.11.answer=5@
qu.3.11.choice.1=pluvial lake@
qu.3.11.choice.2=drumlin@
qu.3.11.choice.3=erratic@
qu.3.11.choice.4=esker@
qu.3.11.choice.5=kettle hole@
qu.3.12.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.3.12.name=ground moraine@
qu.3.12.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.3.12.editing=useHTML@
qu.3.12.question=
A thin, hummocky layer covering the land surface that is left behind when a glacier rapidly recedes is called the __________________.@
qu.3.12.answer=4@
qu.3.12.choice.1=lateral moraine@
qu.3.12.choice.2=medial moraine@
qu.3.12.choice.3=terminal moraine@
qu.3.12.choice.4=ground moraine@
qu.3.12.choice.5=recessional moraine@
qu.3.13.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.3.13.name=outwash plain@
qu.3.13.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.3.13.editing=useHTML@
qu.3.13.question=
When flowing streams underneath some glaciers emerge from the terminus of the glacier, they may deposit their sediment load to form a broad, sweeping plain called a(n) _____________________.@
qu.3.13.answer=2@
qu.3.13.choice.1=floodplain@
qu.3.13.choice.2=outwash plain@
qu.3.13.choice.3=drumlin@
qu.3.13.choice.4=esker@
qu.3.13.choice.5=fjord@
qu.4.topic=Erosional Landforms - Definitions (Marshak Ch. 22)@
qu.4.1.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.4.1.name=fjord@
qu.4.1.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.4.1.editing=useHTML@
qu.4.1.question=
A glacier-carved bedrock trough whose floor lies below sea level so that it is flooded by the sea is called a/an _______________.@
qu.4.1.answer=1@
qu.4.1.choice.1=fjord@
qu.4.1.choice.2=hanging valley@
qu.4.1.choice.3=arête@
qu.4.1.choice.4=cirque@
qu.4.1.choice.5=roche moutonnée @
qu.4.2.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.4.2.name=arête@
qu.4.2.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.4.2.editing=useHTML@
qu.4.2.question=
As cirques on opposite sides of a mountain are eroded, their walls meet to form a sharp-crested ridge called a/an _______________. @
qu.4.2.answer=1@
qu.4.2.choice.1=arête@
qu.4.2.choice.2=iceberg@
qu.4.2.choice.3=horn@
qu.4.2.choice.4=crevasse@
qu.4.2.choice.5=roche moutonnée @
qu.4.3.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.4.3.name=cirque@
qu.4.3.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.4.3.editing=useHTML@
qu.4.3.question=
A bowl-shaped cavity or depression carved by a glacier high on a mountain is called a/an _____________. @
qu.4.3.answer=5@
qu.4.3.choice.1=arête@
qu.4.3.choice.2=roche moutonnée @
qu.4.3.choice.3=horn@
qu.4.3.choice.4=crevasse@
qu.4.3.choice.5=cirque@
qu.4.4.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.4.4.name=horn@
qu.4.4.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.4.4.editing=useHTML@
qu.4.4.question=
A sharp, narrow peak whose sides have been shaped by glacial erosion is called a/an _____________. @
qu.4.4.answer=3@
qu.4.4.choice.1=arête@
qu.4.4.choice.2=roche moutonnée @
qu.4.4.choice.3=horn@
qu.4.4.choice.4=crevasse@
qu.4.4.choice.5=cirque@
qu.4.5.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.4.5.name=glacial striations@
qu.4.5.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.4.5.editing=useHTML@
qu.4.5.question=
Long gouges, grooves, and scratches cut into surfaces over which glaciers have passed are called _______________.@
qu.4.5.answer=2@
qu.4.5.choice.1=crevasses@
qu.4.5.choice.2=glacial striations@
qu.4.5.choice.3=cirques@
qu.4.5.choice.4=terminus@
qu.4.5.choice.5=firn@
qu.4.6.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.4.6.name=roche moutonnée@
qu.4.6.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.4.6.editing=useHTML@
qu.4.6.question=
A glacially eroded bedrock hill with a steep plucked slope on the downstream side and a smooth gentle slope on the upstream side is called a/an _____________. @
qu.4.6.answer=2@
qu.4.6.choice.1=arête@
qu.4.6.choice.2=roche moutonnée@
qu.4.6.choice.3=horn@
qu.4.6.choice.4=crevasse@
qu.4.6.choice.5=cirque@
qu.4.7.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.4.7.name=hanging valley@
qu.4.7.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.4.7.editing=useHTML@
qu.4.7.question=
A glacially carved side valley whose floor is above the floor of the main valley is a/an _____________. @
qu.4.7.answer=3@
qu.4.7.choice.1=arête@
qu.4.7.choice.2=roche moutonnée@
qu.4.7.choice.3=hanging valley@
qu.4.7.choice.4=U-shaped valley@
qu.4.7.choice.5=V-shaped valley@
qu.4.8.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.4.8.name=U-shaped valley@
qu.4.8.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.4.8.editing=useHTML@
qu.4.8.question=
A canyon or valley that, when seen in cross-section, has steep sides and a broad flat floor, is a/an _____________. @
qu.4.8.answer=4@
qu.4.8.choice.1=arête@
qu.4.8.choice.2=roche moutonnée@
qu.4.8.choice.3=hanging valley@
qu.4.8.choice.4=U-shaped valley@
qu.4.8.choice.5=V-shaped valley@
qu.4.9.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.4.9.name=V-shaped valley@
qu.4.9.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.4.9.editing=useHTML@
qu.4.9.question=
A canyon or valley that, when seen in cross-section, has sloping sides that meet in a point occupied by a river channel, is a/an _____________. @
qu.4.9.answer=5@
qu.4.9.choice.1=arête@
qu.4.9.choice.2=roche moutonnée@
qu.4.9.choice.3=hanging valley@
qu.4.9.choice.4=U-shaped valley@
qu.4.9.choice.5=V-shaped valley@
qu.4.10.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.4.10.name=channeled scablands@
qu.4.10.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.4.10.editing=useHTML@
qu.4.10.question=
An area that has been scoured by the draining of an ice-dammed lake to leave behind a barren soil-free landscape (such as eastern Washington state) is called __________________.@
qu.4.10.answer=5@
qu.4.10.choice.1=pluvial lake@
qu.4.10.choice.2=periglacial environment@
qu.4.10.choice.3=knob-and-kettle topography@
qu.4.10.choice.4=patterned ground@
qu.4.10.choice.5=channeled scablands@
qu.5.topic=Climate Change - Definitions (Marshak Ch. 22)@
qu.5.1.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.5.1.name=permafrost@
qu.5.1.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.5.1.editing=useHTML@
qu.5.1.question=
Soil, regolith, or rock that is perennially frozen (where the mean annual temperature is below minus 5 degrees Celsius) is called ______________.@
qu.5.1.answer=1@
qu.5.1.choice.1=permafrost@
qu.5.1.choice.2=periglacial@
qu.5.1.choice.3=moraine@
qu.5.1.choice.4=patterned ground@
qu.5.1.choice.5=pluvial@
qu.5.2.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.5.2.name=periglacial@
qu.5.2.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.5.2.editing=useHTML@
qu.5.2.question=
____________ refers to areas that are close to glacial ice but not under ice, where frost action is strong and temperatures range widely on either side of the freezing point of water.@
qu.5.2.answer=5@
qu.5.2.choice.1=Subglacial@
qu.5.2.choice.2=Glacio-marine@
qu.5.2.choice.3=Morainal@
qu.5.2.choice.4=Glacial@
qu.5.2.choice.5=Periglacial@
qu.5.3.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.5.3.name=tundra@
qu.5.3.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.5.3.editing=useHTML@
qu.5.3.question=
The most common environment in periglacial regions is the treeless ____________ with long winters, very short summers, and poorly developed soils, that supports only low shrubs, moss, and lichen.@
qu.5.3.answer=1@
qu.5.3.choice.1=tundra@
qu.5.3.choice.2=rainforest@
qu.5.3.choice.3=oasis@
qu.5.3.choice.4=Milankovitch region@
qu.5.3.choice.5=moraine@
qu.5.4.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.5.4.name=solifluction@
qu.5.4.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.5.4.editing=useHTML@
qu.5.4.question=_______________, common in periglacial regions, is the downslope movement of water-saturated regolith.@
qu.5.4.answer=1@
qu.5.4.choice.1=Solifluction@
qu.5.4.choice.2=Ablation@
qu.5.4.choice.3=Striation@
qu.5.4.choice.4=Basal sliding@
qu.5.4.choice.5=Creep@
qu.5.5.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.5.5.name=patterned ground@
qu.5.5.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.5.5.editing=useHTML@
qu.5.5.question=
Areas of permafrost in which the ground has split into pentagonal or hexagonal shapes defined by stone rings are called ________________.@
qu.5.5.answer=1@
qu.5.5.choice.1=patterned ground@
qu.5.5.choice.2=active layers@
qu.5.5.choice.3=zones of ablation@
qu.5.5.choice.4=zones of accumulation@
qu.5.5.choice.5=tundra@
qu.5.6.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.5.6.name=glaciations@
qu.5.6.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.5.6.editing=useHTML@
qu.5.6.question=
Times during which the average temperature at the Earth's surface dropped by several degrees and stayed low long enough for existing ice sheets to expand so they covered substantial parts of the continents are called _______________.@
qu.5.6.answer=5@
qu.5.6.choice.1=Milankovitch cycles@
qu.5.6.choice.2=greenhouses@
qu.5.6.choice.3=precession@
qu.5.6.choice.4=interglacials@
qu.5.6.choice.5=glaciations@
qu.5.7.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.5.7.name=interglacials@
qu.5.7.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.5.7.editing=useHTML@
qu.5.7.question=
Times during which the average temperature at the Earth's surface rose by several degrees and ice-age glaciers shrank and retreated are called _______________.@
qu.5.7.answer=4@
qu.5.7.choice.1=Milankovitch cycles@
qu.5.7.choice.2=greenhouses@
qu.5.7.choice.3=precession@
qu.5.7.choice.4=interglacials@
qu.5.7.choice.5=glaciations@
qu.5.8.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.5.8.name=glacial rebound@
qu.5.8.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.5.8.editing=useHTML@
qu.5.8.question=_______________ occurs when a large ice sheet (> 50 km across) melts and the lithosphere isostatically rises.@
qu.5.8.answer=2@
qu.5.8.choice.1=Solifluction@
qu.5.8.choice.2=Glacial rebound@
qu.5.8.choice.3=Striation@
qu.5.8.choice.4=Glacial subsidence@
qu.5.8.choice.5=Creep@
qu.5.9.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.5.9.name=glacial subsidence@
qu.5.9.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.5.9.editing=useHTML@
qu.5.9.question=_______________ occurs when a large ice sheet (> 50 km across) loads the lithosphere so that it sinks.@
qu.5.9.answer=4@
qu.5.9.choice.1=Solifluction@
qu.5.9.choice.2=Glacial rebound@
qu.5.9.choice.3=Striation@
qu.5.9.choice.4=Glacial subsidence@
qu.5.9.choice.5=Creep@
qu.5.10.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.5.10.name=albedo@
qu.5.10.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.5.10.editing=useHTML@
qu.5.10.question=The effectiveness with which a substance reflects light is its ___________.@
qu.5.10.answer=1@
qu.5.10.choice.1=albedo@
qu.5.10.choice.2=precession@
qu.5.10.choice.3=arête@
qu.5.10.choice.4=sublimation@
qu.5.10.choice.5=ablation@
qu.5.11.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.5.11.name=precession@
qu.5.11.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.5.11.editing=useHTML@
qu.5.11.question=The conical path traced by Earth?s tilted axis through time (its ?wobble?) is its ___________.@
qu.5.11.answer=2@
qu.5.11.choice.1=albedo@
qu.5.11.choice.2=precession@
qu.5.11.choice.3=arête@
qu.5.11.choice.4=sublimation@
qu.5.11.choice.5=ablation@
qu.5.12.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.5.12.name=Milankovitch cycles@
qu.5.12.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.5.12.editing=useHTML@
qu.5.12.question=
Climate changes that occur over tens to hundreds of thousands of years due to changes in Earth???s orbit and tilt are called _______________.@
qu.5.12.answer=1@
qu.5.12.choice.1=Milankovitch cycles@
qu.5.12.choice.2=greenhouses@
qu.5.12.choice.3=eccentricity cycles@
qu.5.12.choice.4=interglacials@
qu.5.12.choice.5=ice ages@
qu.5.13.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.5.13.name=eccentricity cycles@
qu.5.13.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.5.13.editing=useHTML@
qu.5.13.question=The gradual change in shape of the Earth???s orbit, from more circular to more elliptical, is its _______________.@
qu.5.13.answer=3@
qu.5.13.choice.1=Milankovitch cycle@
qu.5.13.choice.2=precession @
qu.5.13.choice.3=eccentricity cycle@
qu.5.13.choice.4=interglacial periodicity@
qu.5.13.choice.5=positive-feedback mechanism@
qu.5.14.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.5.14.name=positive-feedback mechanisms@
qu.5.14.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.5.14.editing=useHTML@
qu.5.14.question=Processes that enhance the factor that causes them, causing the process to swing towards an extreme (like progressively cold climate leading to an Ice Age), are called _______________.@
qu.5.14.answer=5@
qu.5.14.choice.1=Milankovitch cycles@
qu.5.14.choice.2=precessions @
qu.5.14.choice.3=eccentricity cycles@
qu.5.14.choice.4=interglacial periodicities@
qu.5.14.choice.5=positive-feedback mechanisms@
qu.5.15.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.5.15.name=ice ages@
qu.5.15.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.5.15.editing=useHTML@
qu.5.15.question=
Extended periods of time when the climate is significantly colder than average are called _______________.@
qu.5.15.answer=5@
qu.5.15.choice.1=Milankovitch cycles@
qu.5.15.choice.2=greenhouses@
qu.5.15.choice.3=precession@
qu.5.15.choice.4=interglacials@
qu.5.15.choice.5=ice ages@
qu.5.16.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.5.16.name=catabatic winds@
qu.5.16.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.5.16.editing=useHTML@
qu.5.16.question=
Near a large glacier, air rises above the warmer ice-free area, sucking the cold air above the glacier down off the glacier margin to form a strong ______________ that carries loess away from the outwash plain. @
qu.5.16.answer=1@
qu.5.16.choice.1=catabatic wind@
qu.5.16.choice.2=precession@
qu.5.16.choice.3=arête@
qu.5.16.choice.4=varve@
qu.5.16.choice.5=erratic@
qu.5.17.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.5.17.name=pluvial lakes@
qu.5.17.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.5.17.editing=useHTML@
qu.5.17.question=
Lakes that form during ice ages because of enhanced rainfall in nonglaciated areas are called ___________.@
qu.5.17.answer=2@
qu.5.17.choice.1=catabatic lakes@
qu.5.17.choice.2=pluvial lakes@
qu.5.17.choice.3=arête@
qu.5.17.choice.4=varves@
qu.5.17.choice.5=tarns@
qu.6.topic=Glacial Sediment and Rock Types (Marshak Ch. 22)@
qu.6.1.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.6.1.name=till@
qu.6.1.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.6.1.editing=useHTML@
qu.6.1.question=
____________ is a heterogeneous mixture of finely crushed rock (rock flour), sand, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders deposited by a glacier.@
qu.6.1.answer=2@
qu.6.1.choice.1=Permafrost@
qu.6.1.choice.2=Till@
qu.6.1.choice.3=Loess@
qu.6.1.choice.4=Conglomerate@
qu.6.1.choice.5=Frozen ground@
qu.6.2.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.6.2.name=glacial milk@
qu.6.2.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.6.2.editing=useHTML@
qu.6.2.question=
____________ is a mixture of finely crushed rock (rock flour) and water, often seen in the meltwater below a glacier.@
qu.6.2.answer=1@
qu.6.2.choice.1=Glacial milk@
qu.6.2.choice.2=Till@
qu.6.2.choice.3=Loess@
qu.6.2.choice.4=Glacial silt@
qu.6.2.choice.5=Tillite@
qu.6.3.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.6.3.name=drop stones@
qu.6.3.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.6.3.editing=useHTML@
qu.6.3.question=
Coarse sedimentary clasts that fall to the sea floor when icebergs melt are called ________________.@
qu.6.3.answer=1@
qu.6.3.choice.1=drop stones@
qu.6.3.choice.2=till@
qu.6.3.choice.3=loess@
qu.6.3.choice.4=glacial drift@
qu.6.3.choice.5=tillite@
qu.6.4.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.6.4.name=ice-rafted sediment@
qu.6.4.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.6.4.editing=useHTML@
qu.6.4.question=
Sediment carried out to sea or into a meltwater lake by icebergs is called ________________.@
qu.6.4.answer=1@
qu.6.4.choice.1=ice-rafted sediment@
qu.6.4.choice.2=till@
qu.6.4.choice.3=loess@
qu.6.4.choice.4=glacial drift@
qu.6.4.choice.5=tillite@
qu.6.5.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.6.5.name=lodgement till@
qu.6.5.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.6.5.editing=useHTML@
qu.6.5.question=
A flat layer of sediment created when a glacier overrides and bulldozes an end moraine as it advances, typified by scratched and aligned clasts, is _____________.@
qu.6.5.answer=2@
qu.6.5.choice.1=ice-rafted sediment@
qu.6.5.choice.2=lodgement till@
qu.6.5.choice.3=loess@
qu.6.5.choice.4=varves@
qu.6.5.choice.5=tillite@
qu.6.6.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.6.6.name=glacial drift@
qu.6.6.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.6.6.editing=useHTML@
qu.6.6.question=
The general term for all the various kinds of sediment deposited in glacial environments is _____________.@
qu.6.6.answer=2@
qu.6.6.choice.1=ice-rafted sediment@
qu.6.6.choice.2=glacial drift@
qu.6.6.choice.3=loess@
qu.6.6.choice.4=varves@
qu.6.6.choice.5=tillite@
qu.6.7.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.6.7.name=glacial outwash@
qu.6.7.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.6.7.editing=useHTML@
qu.6.7.question=
Sediments transported by meltwater and deposited in glacial streams or lakes are called _____________________.@
qu.6.7.answer=2@
qu.6.7.choice.1=glacial till@
qu.6.7.choice.2=glacial outwash@
qu.6.7.choice.3=loess@
qu.6.7.choice.4=tillite@
qu.6.7.choice.5=ice-rafted sediment@
qu.6.8.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.6.8.name=loess@
qu.6.8.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.6.8.editing=useHTML@
qu.6.8.question=
Fine clay and silt transported by wind from a glacial outwash plain and deposited in a thick layer some distance away from the glacier are called _____________________.@
qu.6.8.answer=3@
qu.6.8.choice.1=glacial till@
qu.6.8.choice.2=glacial outwash@
qu.6.8.choice.3=loess@
qu.6.8.choice.4=tillite@
qu.6.8.choice.5=ice-rafted sediment@
qu.6.9.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.6.9.name=tillite@
qu.6.9.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.6.9.editing=useHTML@
qu.6.9.question=
Ancient glacial deposits that have lithified _____________________.@
qu.6.9.answer=4@
qu.6.9.choice.1=glacial till@
qu.6.9.choice.2=glacial outwash@
qu.6.9.choice.3=loess@
qu.6.9.choice.4=tillite@
qu.6.9.choice.5=ice-rafted sediment@
qu.6.10.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.6.10.name=varves@
qu.6.10.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.6.10.editing=useHTML@
qu.6.10.question=
A pair of thin layers deposited in a meltwater lake, consisting of a light-colored silty layer brought in during spring floods and a dark-colored clay layer that settles out during the winter when the lake is frozen over, is a/an _____________.@
qu.6.10.answer=4@
qu.6.10.choice.1=ice-rafted sediment@
qu.6.10.choice.2=lodgement till@
qu.6.10.choice.3=till@
qu.6.10.choice.4=varve@
qu.6.10.choice.5=tillite@
qu.6.11.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.6.11.name=glacial flour (rock flour)@
qu.6.11.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.6.11.editing=useHTML@
qu.6.11.question=
Very fine sediment formed of rock crushed and abraded by glacial ice is _____________.@
qu.6.11.answer=4@
qu.6.11.choice.1=ice-rafted sediment@
qu.6.11.choice.2=lodgement till@
qu.6.11.choice.3=till@
qu.6.11.choice.4=glacial flour (rock flour)@
qu.6.11.choice.5=tillite@
qu.7.topic=Ice Ages and Climate Change - Thought@
qu.7.1.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.7.1.name=climate change-causes@
qu.7.1.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.7.1.editing=useHTML@
qu.7.1.question=Which of the following is NOT one of the possible causes of climate change?@
qu.7.1.answer=1@
qu.7.1.choice.1=the constant radius of Earth's orbit about the sun@
qu.7.1.choice.2=large widespread volcanic eruptions@
qu.7.1.choice.3=tectonic uplift of large mountain chains@
qu.7.1.choice.4=movement of continental masses by plate motions@
qu.7.1.choice.5=tilt and wobble of Earth's axis of rotation.@
qu.7.2.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.7.2.name=milankovitch cycles-not influenced by@
qu.7.2.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.7.2.editing=useHTML@
qu.7.2.question=
Which one of the following does NOT directly influence Milankovitch cycles?@
qu.7.2.answer=4@
qu.7.2.choice.1=precession of the planetary axis of rotation@
qu.7.2.choice.2=variations in tilt of the planetary axis of rotation@
qu.7.2.choice.3=eccentricity of the planetary orbit@
qu.7.2.choice.4=tidal interactions between the Earth and the Moon@
qu.7.3.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.7.3.name=recent glaciation-began/ended@
qu.7.3.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.7.3.editing=useHTML@
qu.7.3.question=
The most recent glaciation began about _____________ and ended about ______________ years ago.@
qu.7.3.answer=2@
qu.7.3.choice.1=3,000...1,000@
qu.7.3.choice.2=30,000...10,000@
qu.7.3.choice.3=30 million...100 million@
qu.7.3.choice.4=3 million...1 million@
qu.7.3.choice.5=3 billion...1 billion@
qu.7.4.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.7.4.name=little ice age@
qu.7.4.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.7.4.editing=useHTML@
qu.7.4.question=The period of generally cool wet climates that lasted from about A.D. 1300 to the mid-1800s is known as the ________________.@
qu.7.4.answer=3@
qu.7.4.choice.1=Holocene optimum@
qu.7.4.choice.2=Neoglacial period@
qu.7.4.choice.3=Little Ice Age@
qu.7.4.choice.4=Milankovitch cycle@
qu.7.4.choice.5=period of eccentricity@
qu.7.5.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.7.5.name=ice age-sea level@
qu.7.5.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.7.5.editing=useHTML@
qu.7.5.question=
At the height of the most recent ice age, about 20,000 years ago, _____________.@
qu.7.5.answer=2@
qu.7.5.choice.1=world sea level rose about 100 m (300 ft.)@
qu.7.5.choice.2=world sea level dropped about 100 m (300 ft.)@
qu.7.5.choice.3=a shallow sea formed in the Mississippi Valley@
qu.7.5.choice.4=the Great Lakes contained more water than today@
qu.7.5.choice.5=areas of permafrost were rare@
qu.7.6.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.7.6.name=glacial advances and retreats - how?@
qu.7.6.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.7.6.editing=useHTML@
qu.7.6.question=How can geologists tell the number of glacial advances and retreats?@
qu.7.6.answer=1@
qu.7.6.choice.1=They use the ratio of heavy oxygen to light oxygen isotopes in fossil plankton shells to tell when seawater was cold and when it was warm.@
qu.7.6.choice.2=They count the total number of recessional moraines preserved and multiply by two.@
qu.7.6.choice.3=They count the total number of Ice Age mammals that have gone extinct and assume each species was killed off by a different glacial advance.@
qu.7.6.choice.4=They estimate it from astronomical records of Milankovitch cycles, correlated with sun spots.@
qu.7.6.choice.5=They map the distribution of tillites on striated polished surfaces and measure the direction of the scratches.@
qu.7.7.mode=Non Permuting Multiple Choice@
qu.7.7.name=glacial advances and retreats - number@
qu.7.7.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.7.7.editing=useHTML@
qu.7.7.question=How many times did the glaciers advance and retreat during the Pleistocene epoch?@
qu.7.7.answer=3@
qu.7.7.choice.1=only once@
qu.7.7.choice.2=only four times@
qu.7.7.choice.3=20-30 times@
qu.7.7.choice.4=200-300 times@
qu.7.7.choice.5=over 500 times@
qu.7.8.mode=Multiple Selection@
qu.7.8.name=Pleistocene climate@
qu.7.8.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.7.8.editing=useHTML@
qu.7.8.question=During the Pleistocene ice age, which of the following occurred? [CHOOSE THE 3 BEST ANSWERS]@
qu.7.8.answer=1, 2, 3@
qu.7.8.choice.1=Giant mammoths and mastodons roamed the tundra of Nebraska, along with many other now-extinct animals. @
qu.7.8.choice.2=All climate belts shifted southward, so that most of North America was covered by tundra, grassland, or cold-tolerant conifer forest and steppes.@
qu.7.8.choice.3=Lower sea levels worldwide created land bridges on the continental shelves that facilitated migration of early humans.@
qu.7.8.choice.4=The environment of the Basin and Range Province (Utah, Nevada) was even more arid than it is today.@
qu.7.8.choice.5=Europe was free of ice and had a climate much warmer than today.@
qu.7.9.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.7.9.name=Great Missoula Flood@
qu.7.9.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.7.9.editing=useHTML@
qu.7.9.question=The Great Missoula Flood resulted from the _____________.@
qu.7.9.answer=1@
qu.7.9.choice.1=release of a huge lake of meltwater when the ice damming it up melted at the end of the Pleistocene @
qu.7.9.choice.2=flow of giant rivers around the Precambrian Missoula impact crater on Mars@
qu.7.9.choice.3=filling of the Missoula Reservoir after engineers finished constructing the dam and sealed the floodgates@
qu.7.9.choice.4=shifting of the Missouri River from the present St. Lawrence River drainage into the Mississippi River drainage after the Ice Age@
qu.7.9.choice.5=spilling of a storage tank containing glacial milk in the town of Missoula, Missouri@
qu.8.topic=Glacial Processes - Thought@
qu.8.1.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.8.1.name=glacier - modifies valley@
qu.8.1.comment=Think of what a really dense erosive agent will do to everything it encounters.@
qu.8.1.editing=useHTML@
qu.8.1.question=
How does a valley glacier modify the valley through which it flows?@
qu.8.1.answer=5@
qu.8.1.choice.1=deepens the valley@
qu.8.1.choice.2=widens the valley@
qu.8.1.choice.3=straightens the valley@
qu.8.1.choice.4=modifies a Vee-shaped valley into a U-shaped valley@
qu.8.1.choice.5=all of these choices@
qu.8.2.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.8.2.name=periglacial activity - examples@
qu.8.2.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.8.2.editing=useHTML@
qu.8.2.question=
All of the following are examples of periglacial activity EXCEPT _________________.@
qu.8.2.answer=1@
qu.8.2.choice.1=medial moraines@
qu.8.2.choice.2=permafrost@
qu.8.2.choice.3=patterned ground@
qu.8.2.choice.4=solifluction@
qu.8.2.choice.5=stone rings@
qu.8.3.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.8.3.name=iceberg-formation@
qu.8.3.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.8.3.editing=useHTML@
qu.8.3.question=
Icebergs are produced by what process?@
qu.8.3.answer=1@
qu.8.3.choice.1=frontal calving@
qu.8.3.choice.2=eruption of subglacial volcanoes@
qu.8.3.choice.3=ablation@
qu.8.3.choice.4=pressure melting@
qu.8.3.choice.5=glacial drift@
qu.8.4.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.8.4.name=ablation-opposite of accumulation@
qu.8.4.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.8.4.editing=useHTML@
qu.8.4.question=
In glacial terminology, the opposite of accumulation is _______________.@
qu.8.4.answer=3@
qu.8.4.choice.1=disaccumulation@
qu.8.4.choice.2=creep@
qu.8.4.choice.3=ablation@
qu.8.4.choice.4=diversion@
qu.8.4.choice.5=abrasion@
qu.8.5.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.8.5.name=glacial movement - determining direction@
qu.8.5.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.8.5.editing=useHTML@
qu.8.5.question=
Which of the following can NOT be used to determine the direction of glacier movement?@
qu.8.5.answer=1@
qu.8.5.choice.1=outwash plains@
qu.8.5.choice.2=slope of a u-shaped valley@
qu.8.5.choice.3=roches moutonnées@
qu.8.5.choice.4=striations and grooves@
qu.8.5.choice.5=drumlins@
qu.8.6.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.8.6.name=glacial advance - conditions@
qu.8.6.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.8.6.editing=useHTML@
qu.8.6.question=
A glacier will continue to advance as long as which condition is met?@
qu.8.6.answer=2@
qu.8.6.choice.1=It does not encounter an uphill slope.@
qu.8.6.choice.2=Less snow is subtracted from the zone of ablation than is added to the zone of accumulation.@
qu.8.6.choice.3=More snow is added to the zone of ablation than is subtracted from the zone of accumulation.@
qu.8.6.choice.4=Its budget (sum of additions and subtractions) remains negative.@
qu.8.6.choice.5=It experiences no basal sliding.@
qu.8.7.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.8.7.name=till-no cross bedding@
qu.8.7.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.8.7.editing=useHTML@
qu.8.7.question=
Which of the following characteristics generally would NOT be associated with till?@
qu.8.7.answer=3@
qu.8.7.choice.1=poor sorting of particles@
qu.8.7.choice.2=angular to poorly rounded particles@
qu.8.7.choice.3=cross bedding@
qu.8.7.choice.4=absence of stratification@
qu.8.7.choice.5=striated pebbles@
qu.8.8.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.8.8.name=medial moraine-formation@
qu.8.8.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.8.8.editing=useHTML@
qu.8.8.question=
What happens where two valley glaciers meet?@
qu.8.8.answer=3@
qu.8.8.choice.1=They both stop, and a terminal moraine forms.@
qu.8.8.choice.2=The larger one pushes the other back to form a retreating moraine.@
qu.8.8.choice.3=They flow together and a medial moraine forms along the line between them.@
qu.8.8.choice.4=Both glaciers pile up on the edges of the valley and prevent lateral moraines from forming.@
qu.8.9.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.8.9.name=glaciers - sediment load@
qu.8.9.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.8.9.editing=useHTML@
qu.8.9.question=
A glacier carries its sediment load ________________.@
qu.8.9.answer=5@
qu.8.9.choice.1=along its bed@
qu.8.9.choice.2=suspended within the ice@
qu.8.9.choice.3=on its surface@
qu.8.9.choice.4=along its sides@
qu.8.9.choice.5=using all of the methods described here@
qu.8.10.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.8.10.name=rock flour-characterized@
qu.8.10.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.8.10.editing=useHTML@
qu.8.10.question=
A heterogeneous mixture of very fine sediment composed of fresh, unweathered crushed rock would most likely be called ______________.@
qu.8.10.answer=1@
qu.8.10.choice.1=rock flour@
qu.8.10.choice.2=eolian sand@
qu.8.10.choice.3=till@
qu.8.10.choice.4=alluvium@
qu.8.10.choice.5=lahar@
qu.8.11.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.8.11.name=temperate glacier vs. polar glacier@
qu.8.11.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.8.11.editing=useHTML@
qu.8.11.question=
The major difference between temperate glaciers and polar glaciers is _____________________.@
qu.8.11.answer=1@
qu.8.11.choice.1=the temperature of their ice@
qu.8.11.choice.2=the age of their ice@
qu.8.11.choice.3=the speed at which their ice is moving@
qu.8.11.choice.4=the difference in elevation between head and terminus@
qu.8.11.choice.5=how well confined the glacier is between valley walls@
qu.8.12.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.8.12.name=valley glacier - fastest part@
qu.8.12.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.8.12.editing=useHTML@
qu.8.12.question=
Which part of a valley glacier flows the fastest?@
qu.8.12.answer=3@
qu.8.12.choice.1=the part closest to the glacier bed@
qu.8.12.choice.2=the part closest to the valley walls@
qu.8.12.choice.3=the upper part of the glacier surface, farthest from the valley walls and bed@
qu.8.12.choice.4=the head of the glacier, within the cirque@
qu.8.12.choice.5=all parts of a valley glacier flow at the same velocity@
qu.8.13.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.8.13.name=glacial valleys-characterized@
qu.8.13.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.8.13.editing=useHTML@
qu.8.13.question=
Glaciated valleys have certain characteristics that distinguish them from valleys shaped mainly by stream erosion. Which of the following is NOT typical of glaciated valleys? @
qu.8.13.answer=1@
qu.8.13.choice.1=V-shaped in cross section@
qu.8.13.choice.2=cirque at head@
qu.8.13.choice.3=broad flat floors and steep sides@
qu.8.13.choice.4=striated and polished sides@
qu.8.13.choice.5=grooved and plucked floor@
qu.8.14.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.8.14.name=meltwater-lubricant in basal sliding@
qu.8.14.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.8.14.editing=useHTML@
qu.8.14.question=
In some temperate glaciers, meltwater acts as lubricant ______________________.@
qu.8.14.answer=5@
qu.8.14.choice.1=near the terminus@
qu.8.14.choice.2=in the zone of accumulation@
qu.8.14.choice.3=in shallow brittle ice subjected to tensional stress@
qu.8.14.choice.4=along internal crystal planes in the deep internal ice@
qu.8.14.choice.5=along the base or bed of the glacier@
qu.9.topic=Glaciers and Glaciation - Brain Teasers@
qu.9.1.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.9.1.name=glacial ice-metamorphic rock@
qu.9.1.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.9.1.editing=useHTML@
qu.9.1.question=
Glacial ice can be considered to be a metamorphic rock because _______________.@
qu.9.1.answer=1@
qu.9.1.choice.1=it is recrystallized@
qu.9.1.choice.2=it flows@
qu.9.1.choice.3=it is a solid@
qu.9.1.choice.4=it has no impurities@
qu.9.1.choice.5=it contains water@
qu.9.2.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.9.2.name=glaciers-false statement@
qu.9.2.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.9.2.editing=useHTML@
qu.9.2.question=
Which of the following statements about glaciers is WRONG?@
qu.9.2.answer=2@
qu.9.2.choice.1=Glaciers can form only if their zone of accumulation is above the permanent snowline.@
qu.9.2.choice.2=At the same latitude and roughly the same elevation, a glacier is more likely to form in the dry interior of a continent than close to the coastline.@
qu.9.2.choice.3=Glaciers can form under very arid conditions or in deserts if the temperature is low enough.@
qu.9.2.choice.4=If accumulation is less than ablation, the terminus will retreat.@
qu.9.3.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.9.3.name=greenhouse effect-false statement@
qu.9.3.comment=Nitrous oxide is also a greenhouse gas.@
qu.9.3.editing=useHTML@
qu.9.3.question=
Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect is WRONG?@
qu.9.3.answer=2@
qu.9.3.choice.1=An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes Earth to warm up.@
qu.9.3.choice.2=Nitrous oxide in the atmosphere causes the Earth to cool off.@
qu.9.3.choice.3=Methane in the atmosphere causes Earth to warm up.@
qu.9.3.choice.4=Continued use of fossil fuels will cause the Earth to warm up.@
qu.9.3.choice.5=Bubbles of ancient air trapped in the Greenland ice sheet tell us that carbon dioxide has increased abnormally fast since the industrial age began.@
qu.9.4.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.9.4.name=climate change-indicators@
qu.9.4.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.9.4.editing=useHTML@
qu.9.4.question=Which of the following does NOT suggest climate change?@
qu.9.4.answer=4@
qu.9.4.choice.1=beaches, wave-cut benches, and spits in dry desert basins@
qu.9.4.choice.2=systems of deep stream channels in areas with annual rainfall less than 250 mm (10 in.)@
qu.9.4.choice.3=fossil bones and teeth of a hippopotamus in interglacial lacustrine deposits of England@
qu.9.4.choice.4=lateritic soils in tropical rain forest of the Amazon Basin@
qu.9.4.choice.5=glacial grooves, striation, and till in temperate zones@
qu.9.5.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.9.5.name=snow to glacier ice - density@
qu.9.5.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.9.5.editing=useHTML@
qu.9.5.question=
Which of the following does NOT occur during the conversion of snow to glacial ice?@
qu.9.5.answer=4@
qu.9.5.choice.1=grains become smaller@
qu.9.5.choice.2=grains become progressively more rounded@
qu.9.5.choice.3=pore space decreases@
qu.9.5.choice.4=density decreases@
qu.9.5.choice.5=permeability decreases@
qu.9.6.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.9.6.name=glaciers-true statement@
qu.9.6.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.9.6.editing=useHTML@
qu.9.6.question=
Which one of the following statements about glaciers is TRUE?@
qu.9.6.answer=3@
qu.9.6.choice.1=Glaciers must have large amounts of annual snowfall to form. @
qu.9.6.choice.2=Glaciers can form as a result of the shifting of lithospheric plates from cold latitudes into warmer ones.@
qu.9.6.choice.3=Glaciers can form as a result of mountain building that uplifts portions of the crust, and changes the paths of ocean and wind currents.@
qu.9.6.choice.4=Glaciers have never occupied much more of the Earth than they do today.@
qu.9.6.choice.5=Glaciers have little impact on global climate.@
qu.9.7.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.9.7.name=glacial striations-orientation@
qu.9.7.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.9.7.editing=useHTML@
qu.9.7.question=
Glacial striations ___________________________.@
qu.9.7.answer=1@
qu.9.7.choice.1=are oriented parallel to the direction of glacier flow@
qu.9.7.choice.2=form only during glacial surges@
qu.9.7.choice.3=are oriented perpendicular to the direction of glacier flow@
qu.9.7.choice.4=have nothing to do with glacier flow@
qu.9.7.choice.5=consist of elongate piles of till left behind by the melting of a glacier@
qu.9.8.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.9.8.name=crevasse-formation@
qu.9.8.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.9.8.editing=useHTML@
qu.9.8.question=
Crevasses form on glaciers ______________________.@
qu.9.8.answer=3@
qu.9.8.choice.1=near the terminus@
qu.9.8.choice.2=in the zone of accumulation@
qu.9.8.choice.3=in shallow brittle ice subjected to tensional stress@
qu.9.8.choice.4=along internal crystal planes in the deep internal ice@
qu.9.8.choice.5=in the end zone of basal sliding@
qu.9.9.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.9.9.name=ice crystal-deformation@
qu.9.9.comment=Sorry. Try again.@
qu.9.9.editing=useHTML@
qu.9.9.question=
Ice crystals deform by slow displacement (called creep) ______________________.@
qu.9.9.answer=4@
qu.9.9.choice.1=near the terminus@
qu.9.9.choice.2=in the zone of accumulation@
qu.9.9.choice.3=in shallow brittle ice subjected to tensional stress@
qu.9.9.choice.4=along crystal planes in the deep internal ice of glaciers@
qu.9.9.choice.5=in the end zone of basal sliding@
qu.9.10.mode=Multiple Selection@
qu.9.10.name=ice - properties@
qu.9.10.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.9.10.editing=useHTML@
qu.9.10.question=
Ice ? solid water ? has some unusual properties that are different from most other naturally occurring solid earth materials, including _____________. [SELECT THE BEST THREE]@
qu.9.10.answer=1, 2, 3@
qu.9.10.choice.1=Solid form is less dense than liquid form.@
qu.9.10.choice.2=Transparent when pure, but with a high albedo@
qu.9.10.choice.3=Can recrystallize at near-surface temperatures and pressures. @
qu.9.10.choice.4=Liquid form is less dense than solid form.@
qu.9.10.choice.5=Its low albedo keeps it from acquiring color.@
qu.9.10.choice.6=Requires low greenschist facies conditions to metamorphose.@
qu.9.11.mode=Multiple Choice@
qu.9.11.name=meteorites in Antarctica@
qu.9.11.comment=Sorry. Please try again.@
qu.9.11.editing=useHTML@
qu.9.11.question=
Individual ice crystals move downward below the zone of accumulation, then upward below the zone of ablation, following a curved path back to the surface of the glacier. In Antarctica, this causes _______________ to collect on the icy surface near the Transantarctic Mountains.@ qu.9.11.answer=1@ qu.9.11.choice.1=meteorites@ qu.9.11.choice.2=ice bergs@ qu.9.11.choice.3=roches moutonn???es@ qu.9.11.choice.4=plucked bedrock@ qu.9.11.choice.5=drumlins@